Learn more. Ask Question. Asked 3 years, 2 months ago. Active 3 years, 2 months ago. Viewed 1k times. Improve this question. Please outline your research so far, so duplicate effort can be avoided. Galileo only first demonstrated the telescope in , so your dates are already very close to the earliest possible nautical usage.
PieterGeerkens Well, this is something I just found most of the stuff I've read so far was about scientific use and technological evolution I hope I will be able to find something about spyglass trade in the 17th century, I want to understand how it was spreading. Add a comment.
Active Oldest Votes. A letter from Galileo to the Doge of Venice in suggested possible military and naval uses of Galileo's new telescopes: The power of my cannocchiale [telescope] to show distant objects as clearly as if they were near should give us an inestimable advantage in any military action on land or sea. The letter is apparently quoted from Zdenek Kopal's Telescopes in Space Improve this answer. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook.
Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. Featured on Meta. The manufacture and properties of lenses were known since the time of the Greeks. Islamic scholars such as the Egyptian physician Alhazen born in the 10 th century made important contributions to the study of optics. However, lenses were not introduced to Europe until around the 13 th century. By , the first eyeglasses were available in cities such as Venice and Florence, and advances in lens making and polishing soon followed.
The tools for making a telescope were therefore available but, for reasons that are not clear, the invention of the telescope had to wait. T he telescope first appeared in the Netherlands. In October , the national government in The Hague discussed a patent application for a device that aided "seeing faraway things as though nearby.
The combination magnified objects three or four times. The government found the device too easy to copy and did not award a patent, but it voted a small award to Jacob Metius and employed Hans Lipperhey to make several binocular versions, for which he was well paid. The earliest known illustration of a telescope. Giovanbattista della Porta included this sketch in a letter written in August The Pleiades as drawn by Galileo from Sidereus Nuncius.
Galilean telescope A Galilean type refracting telescope. The telescope along with the microscope, another 17 th century invention demonstrated that ordinary observers could see things that the Greek philosophers had not dreamed of. It helped shift authority in the observation of nature from men to instruments.
Galileo's Optic Tube. N ews of the telescope's invention spread rapidly through Europe. By April , three-powered spyglasses could be bought in spectacle-makers' shops on the Pont Neuf in Paris, and four months later there were several in Italy. They were made famous by an Italian professor and experimenter named Galileo Galilei in the summer of at the University of Padua near Venice. While Galileo did not invent the telescope, he did design and build telescopes with increasingly higher magnifying power for his own use and to present to his patrons.
He was a skilled instrument maker, and his telescopes were known for their high quality. Galileo's first telescope was basically a tube containing two lenses. His first attempt was a three-power instrument; this was followed by one that magnified objects approximately nine times. He showed the latter device to the Venetian senate, hoping to impress them with its commercial and military potential. Observations with Galileo's telescope strengthened the new idea that the Earth and the planets circled the Sun.
It also revealed multitudes of stars in the Milky Way and elsewhere. One seemed to see not a fixed sphere of stars, but a universe of stars extending outward to some vast and unknown distance, perhaps to infinity. Galileo's telescopes. This lens consisted of two types of glass, the crown and flint , that were cemented together. With this development, Hall proved that Isaac Newton was mistaken in his supposition that color distortion could not be solved using refracting rather than reflecting telescopes.
Hall discovered his solution by studying the human eye. This led him to the belief that achromatic lenses must be possible somehow. He experimented with many kinds of glass until he found the perfect combination of crown and flint glass that met his specific requirements. In , he built several telescopes with apertures of 2.
In , the first giant reflector telescope was built in the UK by William Herschel. He oversaw the construction of a 40 ft 12 meters long Newtonian-based reflector telescope. This enormous telescope was the largest in its day and would have been a real sight to see. However, as impressive as this must have been, it was far from perfect. Herschel solved an issue with the poor reflective quality of the speculum metal often used in Newtonian telescopes.
He did this by simply omitting the diagonal mirror completely and tilting the primary mirror to allow the user to directly view the scene. This would come to be known as the Herschelian telescope. However, Herschel's huge telescope had a number of issues that would lead him to prefer to use a smaller 20 ft 6 meters long telescope for astronomical observations.
Using his telescopes, Herschel was able to discover some moons around the gas giants , notably Titania and Oberon of Uranus, along with Uranus itself. Using his bigger telescope, Herschel was also able to find the sixth and seventh of Saturn's moons - Enceladus and Mimas. Today, we can routinely make large mirrors, some in excess of 29 ft 9 meters. In the s; however, it was a much more challenging endeavor.
Today's mirrors tend to be made by coating glass in reflective metal , but back then mirrors were cast from a heavier and temperamental alloy of copper and tin called speculum originally devised by Isaac Newton. Altogether, Lord Rosse cast around five metal mirrors with a six-foot 1.
The resulting reflecting telescope, known as the "Leviathan of Parsonstown" had a tube 49 ft 15 meters long suspended between massive masonry walls, looking more like a fortification than a piece of scientific apparatus. This gigantic telescope was used by Lord Rosse for many years to study the night sky.
He was particularly interested in the study of 'nebulae' and became the first person to observe the spiral arms of the M51 nebula. Lord Rosse's telescope fell into disuse in the latter half of the 19th Century and was dismantled in It was, however, reconstructed in the late s by the present Earl.
It would become the world's largest refracting telescope at the time, in The telescope and housing are a true melding of science and art and is sometimes referred to as "the birthplace of astrophysics".
Yerkes marks a significant change in thinking around exploration using telescopes, from a largely amateur hobby to a dedicated and serious scientific pursuit. This telescope pushed the limits of the maximum size of refracting telescopes, as it used the biggest lenses possible without having the entire apparatus collapse under its own weight.
The telescope used an impressive 3. Partly because of this, many astronomers finally realized that the future of large telescopes was to use mirrors rather than lenses. The facility has been used by many famous astronomers in history including none other than Edwin Hubble , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Russian-American astronomer Otto Struve , Gerard Kuiper , and the great Carl Sagan.
Radio Telescope was born in the early s when a Bell Telephone Laboratories engineer, Karl Guthe Jansky , was tasked with finding the source of static that interfered with radio and telephone services. Jansky built an array of dipoles and reflectors that were designed to receive a shortwave radio signal at around The entire apparatus was set up on a turntable, allowing it to turn a full degrees.
Jansky's "merry-go-round", as it came to be known, measured 98 ft 30 meters in diameter and stood at 20 ft 6 meters tall. Using this apparatus he was able to determine three types of interference:. Jansky correctly suspected this last source originated from outside our solar system , with its source coming roughly from the constellation of Sagittarius. Amateur radio enthusiast, Grote Reber , inspired by Jansky's work, would go on to develop the first device to 'see' the radio waves.
He did this by building the first parabolic 'dish' telescope, which had a diameter of 29 ft 9 meters , in his back garden in Wheaton, Ilinois in He repeated Jansky's pioneering work, identifying the Milky Way as the first off-world radio source, and he went on to conduct the first sky survey at very high radio frequencies, discovering other radio sources.
Building on the pioneering work of Jansky and Grote, British Astronomer Sir Bernard Lovell made plans to build a large radio telescope in the s. After working on radar during the Second World War, Bernard saw the great scientific potential of radio telescopes in studying the cosmos.
His vision was to build a huge foot 76 meters diameter dish radio telescope that could be aimed at any point in the sky. After a series of big technical and financial problems, it was finally built in the summer of at Jodrell Bank in the UK.
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